From time to time I will post 'bite size' chunks of the material I am preparing for my PhD thesis: works in progress, but content which I feel may be of interest to a wider audience. All will be very much draft versions, not necessarily - probably not - reflecting the final wording that will eventually appear in the Thesis. In-text references are included but a full bibliography is not. This paper is based on a section of the case study on Llanthony Priory in the Black Mountains, Monmouthshire.
‘Llanthony Abbey’ by David Cox, 1838.
Written references to Llanthony and the Vale of Ewyas in the post-medieval and early modern period are sparse; even topographical writers of the time did not usually specifically refer to the wider landscape (Lancaster 2008, 11). John Leland made very brief mention in his 1540 Itinerary (in a paragraph on Llanthony Secunda): ‘Nant Honddye (Llanthonddye – Llan nant Hondy) a priori of blake charms … this priori was fair, and stoode betwixt ii great hills’ (Chandler 1993, 176; Roberts 1846, 233). Michael Drayton’s epic topographical poem of 1612, Polyolbion, included a verse on the valley which begins: ‘Mongst Hatterills loftie hills, that with the clouds are crowne’d, the valley Ewias lies, immers’d so deep and round …’ (Drayton 2001).
It was
as new tastes for the ‘sublime’ and ‘picturesque’ in landscapes and places of
history, particularly in wild and remote setting, began to take hold in the
later eighteenth century that the priory became a subject of particular interest. Uvedale Price, author of the influential treatise Essays on the Picturesque, as Compared With the Sublime and the Beautiful of 1794 owned Foxley, one of the priory’s Herefordshire estates, where he created a landscaped park in line with his views on the picturesque (Pavard 2016, 80). William Gilpin (2005, 52)
visited Llanthony during his influential tour of the Wye and South Wales in
1770 and observed:
‘Dugdale
describes it, in his Monasticon, as a
scene richly adorned with wood. But Dugdale lived a century ago: which is a
term that will produce or destroy the finest scenery. It has had the latter
effect here, for the woods about Llanthony Priory are now totally destroyed;
and the ruin is wholly naked and desolate.’
A somewhat bleak scene which pre-dated poet-squire Walter Savage Landor’s
major tree-planting programme during his brief but colourful period of lordship of Llanthony (discussed in detail in a future post). In the wake of Gilpin and the Romantics that
followed, Llanthony, like other medieval monasteries in dramatic locations,
received a steady stream of visitors who were inspired to record their
reactions to the place. Indeed there is a vast and diverse corpus of images and
words centred on the priory ruins and the surrounding landscape.
Henry Penruddocke
Wyndham, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, toured Wales in the 1770s and
produced the first published account of a tour which included Llanthony (Buck
2016, 6). Architects and
antiquarians such as Joseph Parker and Richard Colt Hoare were also regular
visitors, studying and recording the ruins in a more analytical and scholarly way
(Gibbs 2016b). Colt Hoare, who later witnessed the windows of the western
frontage collapsing, visited with Archdeacon Coxe whose poor impression of the
state of the roads as he journeyed through the valley has already been quoted.
To him the priory ruins derived ‘a particular beauty from their situation in
the Vale of Ewias, which unites dreariness and fertility, and is well adapted
to monastic solitude’, though he bemoaned their ‘hastening to decay’ (Coxe
1801, 212). Other early nineteenth century visitors were wont to provide more dramatic
and exaggerated descriptions of the topography they encountered. Commentating
on the Honddu John Beaumont (1803, 314-5) exclaims ‘at an immense depth beneath
(the road) the torrent is seen raging’, whilst the hamlet of Cwmyoy was
‘fearfully hanging on a cliff, and beneath a menacing hill.’
‘Llanthony Abbey, Cwmyoy, Monmouthshire’ by JMW Turner, 1794 (Source:
Tate Museum, www.tate.org.uk).
The late eighteenth and
nineteenth century saw a proliferation of paintings and engravings of the
priory and its environs. Whilst the wider landscape setting is often somewhat
impressionistic, with the hillsides particularly exaggerated, such images not
only confirm Llanthony as a key subject within the proliferation of landscape
art but also provide some interesting topographical detail. One of the most
famous images is by JMW Turner, a prolific chronicler of the
historic monuments of the day. His view of the priory (which may have helped to
proliferate the use of ‘Abbey’ rather than priory as an appellation) shows the
surrounding hills higher and more precipitous than in reality, with a similarly
romanticised river scene in the foreground and the priory flooded with
‘heavenly light’ (Sinclair 2001, 142). Commenting on the showing of the painting as part of the Tate Museum Ruin Lust exhibition (March 2014), Iain Sinclair described it as ‘fraudulent’ in its interpretation of the hills and the ‘cataracts’ of the river; an image made for the tourist, the equivalent of modern ‘ruin porn’ (Radio 4 Front Row, 03/03/14). Interestingly, also
clearly represented is the still now extant curvilinear enclosure on Loxidge
Tump above the ruins, which may originate as a medieval sheep corral operated
by the priory as discussed in the previous chapter.
‘Llanthony Abbey’ by Virtue, date unknown.
Although
it is rare for such images to focus on anything but the priory ruins
themselves, it is interesting to study the landscape backdrop. Often quite
generic but sometimes able to illustrate something of the landscape of the time.
In Virtue’s painting the enclosed pasture, mountain wall and the nant farmstead of Troed-rhiw-mon can
clearly be seen on the opposite side of the valley. A more open,
neatly hedged fieldscape is observed in Edward Hayes’ picture of 1800, whilst the priory is often very much part of an agricultural scene with
sheep and cattle grazing around the ruins.
‘Llanthony Abbey’ by Edward Dayes, 1800 (Source: National Library of
Wales, https://www.llgc.org.uk/discover/digital-gallery/pictures/framed-works-of-art/).
The very act of touristic visits to historic sites such as
Llanthony was already beginning to become a subject of comment and friction as
the century progressed. The Reverend
Francis Kilvert, curate of Clyro just to the north of Hay-on-Wye in Radnorshire
in the 1860s chronicled Victorian country life in the south Herefordshire
border district through his diaries. He provided a memorable account of a visit
to the priory in which, although praising the peaceful situation of the ruins
themselves, he also makes clear his distaste for a certain type of Victorian
tourist: ‘What was our horror on entering the (priory) enclosure to see two
tourists with staves and shoulder belts all complete, postured among the ruins
in an attitude of admiration, one of them of course, discoursing learnedly to
his gaping companion and pointing out objects of interest with his stick. If
there is one thing more hateful than another it is being told what to admire
and having objects pointed out to one with a stick. Of all noxious animals too,
the most noxious is the tourist. And of all tourists the most vulgar, ill-bred,
offensive and loathsome is the British tourist’ (Barber 2003, 107). Kilvert also makes reference to William Wordsworth and either his sister Dorothy or daughter Dora visiting Llanthony, in walks from Llyswen in Brecknockshire via the Gospel Pass. Wordsworth was a regular visitor to Herefordshire though no account of a visit to Llanthony has been found (Barber 2003, 101). This sense of exclusivity
is also taken up by ‘The Insect Hunter’ (1838): ‘Llanthony is one of those
speaking monuments of the olden time … Luckily this beautiful spot has no road
approaching it sufficiently macadamised to admit the passage of the luxurious
vehicle of the opulent ruin hunter... it is not therefore and never can be the
range of the tourist.’
Arthur Bradley was a prolific writer on Wales and the
Marches and his description of an exploration of the Vale of Ewyas provides a good
example of the more sober and rational view of the landscape observable in the Edwardian
era. He mocks the over-egged dramatic descriptions of earlier visitors: perhaps
they had never been out of the city and suffered from ‘nervous delusions’. For
instance, an 1813 account (writer not recorded) that exclaimed ‘infinitely
grand, awful, and horrific, are the convulsions in the Vale of Ewyas’ (Bradley
1911, 89). Bradley (1911, 95) also had sharp words for Father Ignatius’
foundation of ‘New Llanthony’ at Capel-y-ffin, which he felt could not hope to
approach the majesty of the original priory: ‘nor do recent erections in the
inner-most sanctuaries of nature appeal to me, however, faithfully they may
attempt to adhere to the models of ancient times.’ Commenting on the confusion
that the new foundation had caused in the public mind by appropriating the name
of the priory he noted: ‘one of the most beautiful of monastic ruins, having
due regard to its unique situation, in the whole island has been quite obscured
in the public mind’ (Bradley 1911, 96).
Ignatius was followed
as resident of the new monastery at Capel-y-ffin by an equally controversial
figure in Eric Gill, who set up an artistic and religious community there in
the 1920s: an ‘experiment in communal living’ (Sinclair 2001, 211). Gill, sculptor, typeface designer, printmaker and unorthodox
Catholic was taken by ‘the awesome power of the valley that has
attracted people on spiritual pilgrimage for almost a millennium.’ A suitably
remote place to set up a Christian community of craftsmen on the borders of
mainstream society (Mason 1975, 54; Miles 1992, 15, 164). Influenced by the
Utopian medieval aesthetic of William Morris and John Ruskin, Gill fostered a
‘half peasant-like, half monk-like atmosphere’ (Miles 1992, 47). Unlike other
artistic visitors, Gill’s work whilst in the valley did not really reflect the
landscape that surrounded him, though he returned regularly afterwards and
members of his family remained until the 1970s. The landscape proved a more
profound influence on one of the other members of the community, painter-poet
David Jones. The border landscape of the Vale fuelled his ‘imagined construct’
of Wales’ past and his experimental painting style, reflecting the dominant
rhythms in the local landscape through the use of subdued textures and colour
(Miles 1992, 15, 143).
‘Hill Pastures, Capel-y-ffin’ by David Jones, 1926.
One of the first
fictional works to be sparked by Llanthony and its landscape returns to the
theme of the supernatural. M.R. James (1994, 5), premier exponent of the
English ghost story, used Herefordshire as the ‘imagined scene’ for one of his
most famous, A View From a Hill
(1925). The key dramatic setting for the story is the fictional ‘Fulnaker
Priory’ with Llanthony as its probable real-life inspiration (Pardoe and Pardoe
2004). A local writer much influenced by James’ style was L.T.C. Rolt. He used
Llanthony and the valley as a thinly-disguised setting for two of the stories
in his supernatural collection, Sleep No
More (1948), and in his memoir described how being enveloped by mist as he
climbed over the ridge from Longtown to Llanthony became an inspiration for his
stories (Rolt 2009, 9). In Cwm Garon the main character follows a mountain path from a Norman castle (based on the route from Longtown to Llanthony) to reach an inn at ‘Llangaron Abbey’ (the fictionalised Llanthony) where his supernatural adventure plays out in ‘Cwm Garon’ (the Vale of Ewyas). A wayfarer similarly seeks out shelter at the ‘Priory Hotel at Llanvethney’ (Llanthony again) in The House of Vengeance (Rolt 2013, 31-49, 121-9). In her introduction to a
recent collection of his stories, Susan Hill remarks on how the Black Mountains
combine ‘tranquillity, beauty and spirituality’ with ‘dread, menace, depression
and foreboding’ (Rolt 2013, x). Alfred Watkins was another local man who
wandered extensively in the environs of Llanthony. The central ‘ley lines’
theory of his book, The Old Straight
Track (1925), was and is eccentric and has been thoroughly discredited as
having any scholarly credence, particularly in the context of its later ‘New
Age’ trappings. His research does though makes reference to many local sites and
it seems that some of his ideas and epiphanies came to him whilst exploring the
area: ‘there is a favoured spot—Llanthony—in the heart of the Black Mountains where
primitive tracks and notches can well be studied’ (Watkins 2005b, 52).
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Seeking ‘concentrated solitude’ the artist Eric Ravilious
spent several weeks staying at a farmhouse near Capel-y-ffin in the winter of
1938 and was visited by John Piper (Powers 2002, 42). Both produced a number of
landscape paintings, with Piper creating naturalistic images of the priory
but also moving into the surrounding countryside to focus on the agricultural
buildings of the estate. The work of Piper and Ravilious
reflects a move towards more impressionistic and less literal interpretations
of landscape as the twentieth century progressed,
other examples of which can be seen below. Edgar Holloway was
another visitor to Capel-y-ffin in the middle years of the twentieth century
and his work ‘Mountain Path, Llanthony Valley’
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‘Llanthony’, 1941 (top) and ‘Ty Isaf’, 1939-40 (bottom) by John Piper.
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‘Mountain Path, Llanthony Valley’ by Edgar Holloway, 1943.
Raymond Williams, one
of the foremost men of letters of post-war Britain was a native of Pandy, across
the Honddu from the priory lands of the old Redcastle manor. In his later years he
produced a great work of fiction based on a scholarly framework, weaving
historical events and landscape into a long-form narrative chronicling 25,000
years of the district’s history: The
People of the Black Mountains (1990a, 1990b), a mixing of real events and
people with invented narratives. Produced by a local writer steeped in the
culture of the area but also a highly-regarded academic, the two books provide
a more informed feeling for the landscape than many purely academic or
descriptive accounts, and give voice to the unheard people of history: lowly novice canons, tenant farmers, women generally. The work’s value is both as an example
of literary descriptions of Llanthony, but also as commentary on the contemporary
landscape of the priory estates. The following extract describes the scene after the
devastation caused during the Glyndŵr rebellion:
‘The
priory of Llanthony stood empty and neglected, its store room broken open. The
monks no longer felt safe among their Welsh tenants, and had withdrawn to
Hereford. Below a mountain stream, their retting mill had fallen into
disrepair. The dried shocks of flax, pulled each day by the abbey’s labourers,
stood abandoned … Sheep grazed above the empty abbey, and across the river over
the slopes towards the Coed y Dial’ (Williams 1990b, 300).
The later twentieth and
early twenty-first century has seen further layers of writing embedded in the
landscapes surrounding Llanthony. Bruce Chatwin’s On the Black Hill (1982) fictionalises the landscape of the eastern
fringe of the Black Mountains and was partly inspired whilst the writer spent
time in the Vale of Ewyas. Chatwin was staying with the painter Ozzy Jones at his house in Nant Bwch above Capel-y-ffin, occupied by another artist and writer Reg Gammon during the 1940s and 1950s. More recently Resistance, Owen Sheers (2007, 276)
World War Two tale of a German invasion of Britain is largely set in the Olchon
and Llanthony valleys, ‘a graveyard of failures, littered with the remnants of
men foolish enough to think its geography sufficient to extract themselves from
the world.’ The psychogeographical writer Iain Sinclair offered a more esoteric
fiction on the subject of Llanthony in Landor’s
Tower, a novel in which the narrator/ main character has been commissioned
to write a book about ‘Walter Savage Landor and his gloriously misconceived
utopian experiment in the Ewyas Valley’ (Sinclair 2001, 8). The novel spends
dense pages in the footsteps of the ghosts of Landor, Ignatius and Gill around
the priory, Siarpal and on the Hatterall ridge. To the narrator, the landscape
setting of the priory was: ‘nothing more than a device to slow the pulse of the
visitors, preparing them for the move into the surrounding countryside. The
priory, this geological freak, had no centre; it was all view, the further you
walked away from it, the more it made sense’ (Sinclair 2001, 312). Sinclair,
who has also written on the ‘Beat Poets’ of 1950s America is a link in a chain
with another enigmatic outsider who spent time around Llanthony. Allan Ginsberg
composed his epic stream of consciousness poem, Wales Visitation, here in 1967, a record of an ‘LSD-fuelled hill
walk’ (Ginsberg 1979; Sinclair 2001, 86). These are but the latest
additions to a canon of artistic responses to the genius loci of Llanthony and the Vale of Ewyas that seems to be
endlessly flowering.
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Allan Ginsberg in the Vale of Ewyas, 1967 (Source: https://poetopography.wordpress.com).
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